Screen Reader

A screen reader is an assistive technology that is used to make content on a computer screen accessible to people with visual impairments or blindness. Screen readers convert the text on a screen to speech or braille output, allowing users to navigate and interact with digital content.

Purpose and Usage

Screen readers are essential tools for users with visual impairments in accessing digital content, including websites, applications, and operating systems. By converting the text on a screen into speech or braille output, screen readers provide users with an alternative way to consume digital content.

Screen readers work by analyzing the structure of the content on a page, including HTML tags, headings, and links, and presenting that content in a linear fashion to the user. Users can navigate through the content using keyboard commands, such as the arrow keys or tab key, and the screen reader will announce the content as they move through it. Screen readers can also provide additional context to users, such as informing them when a link opens in a new window or if an image has an alternative text description.

In addition to providing access to digital content, screen readers also provide users with the ability to interact with that content. For example, users can fill out forms, send emails, and make purchases online using a screen reader. This allows users with visual impairments to participate fully in digital communication and commerce.

Types of Screen Readers

There are many different screen readers available, with varying features and capabilities. Some popular screen readers include:

1. JAWS

JAWS (Job Access With Speech) is a widely-used screen reader developed by Freedom Scientific. JAWS supports a wide range of applications and content, including web pages, PDF documents, and Microsoft Office documents. JAWS also includes a number of advanced features, such as a scripting language for customizing the screen reader’s behavior.

2. NVDA

NVDA (NonVisual Desktop Access) is a free, open-source screen reader developed by NV Access. NVDA supports a wide range of applications and content, including web pages, PDF documents, and Microsoft Office documents. NVDA is also highly customizable, allowing users to create their own add-ons to extend its functionality.

3. VoiceOver

VoiceOver is a screen reader built into Apple’s macOS and iOS operating systems. VoiceOver supports a wide range of applications and content, and also includes a number of unique features, such as the ability to navigate using gestures on a touch screen.

4. TalkBack

TalkBack is a screen reader built into Google’s Android operating system. TalkBack supports a wide range of applications and content, and includes a number of unique features, such as the ability to navigate using gestures on a touch screen.

Designing for Screen Readers

When designing digital content, it is important to consider users with visual impairments and ensure that the content is accessible using screen readers. Some best practices for designing accessible content include:

1. Provide Descriptive Text

When including images or videos in digital content, it is important to provide alternative text descriptions that can be read by screen readers. This allows users with visual impairments to understand the content of the image or video.

2. Use Semantic HTML Markup

When designing websites, it is important to use semantic HTML markup to provide structure and context to the content on the page. This allows screen readers to accurately interpret the content and present it in a meaningful way to the user.

3. Use Descriptive Link Text

When including links in digital content, it is important to use descriptive link text that accurately describes the destination of the link. This allows users with visual impairments to understand the purpose of the link and decide whether they want to follow it.

4. Provide Keyboard Navigation

When designing web pages or applications, it is important to provide keyboard navigation that allows users to navigate the content using the arrow keys or tab key. This allows users with visual impairments to navigate the content using their screen reader.